Published 2024-02-01
How to Cite
Abstract
Higher education in the correctional environment is endorsed globally as the most effective tool for rehabilitation. Studies from the Global North have researched correctional education and its accessibility, but few of those have focused specifically on incarcerated women’s access to tertiary education online. Even fewer consider this topic within the context of the Global South. This study aimed to address that gap by providing a holistic perspective of South African women’s experiences of e-learning and distance higher education while incarcerated. As a qualitative research study utilising feminist narrative inquiry, the lived experiences of seven women incarcerated in the largest correctional facility in South Africa are uncovered through narrative analysis. The findings describe women’s pathways towards obtaining an education online, the challenges they encountered, and the role support played in their completing a tertiary degree through distance education. Ultimately, the findings reveal that online higher education moves beyond student rehabilitation, to enhance the overall well-being of these students and enable them to cultivate empathic relationships with their peers, which in turn fosters further education opportunities for incarcerated women in South Africa.
References
- Agboola, C., Appiah, E. K., & Linonge-Fontebo, H. N. (2022). Women’s pathways into crime and incarceration: Insights from South Africa. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), e2044123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2044123
- Alzola Romero, A. (2012). One laptop per college student? Exploring the links between access to IT hardware and academic performance in higher education e-learning programs. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education ; La Revue internationale de l’apprentissage en ligne et de l’enseignement à distance, 26(1). https://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/756
- Artz, L., Hoffman-Wanderer, Y., & Moult, K. (2012). Hard time(s): Women’s pathways to crime and incarceration [PDF]. Gender, Health and Justice Research Unit, University of Cape Town. https://genderlinks.org.za/wp-content/uploads/imported/articles/attachments/18024_hard_times.pdf
- Baumgartner, L. M., & Sandoval, C. L. (2018). “Being a presence to each other”: Adult educators who foster empowerment with incarcerated women. Adult Education Quarterly, 68(4), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713618774412
- Brown, M., & Bloom, B. E. (2018). Women’s desistance from crime: A review of theory and the role higher education can play. Sociology Compass, 12(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12580
- Cabecinhas, R. & Abadia, L. (2013). Narratives as prison ‘escapes’: Power, interaction and the co-construction of the female prisoner by incarcerated women. In R. Cabecinhas, & L. Abadia (Eds.), Narratives and social memory: theoretical and methodological approaches (pp. 283 -297). CECS – Communication and Society Research Centre. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55625419.pdf#page=283
- Castro, E. L., & Gould, M. R. (2018). What is higher education in prison? Introduction to radical departures: Ruminations on the purposes of higher education in prison. Critical Education, 9(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.14288/ce.v9i10.186439
- Champion, N., & Edgar, K. (2013). Through the gateway: How computers can transform rehabilitation [PDF]. Prison Reform Trust. https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/through-the-gateway.pdf
- Chigunwe, G. (2014). Access and inclusion of inmates to education through open and distance learning mode. Greener Journal of Education Research, 4(1), 1–10. https://gjournals.org/GJER/archive/mar-2014-vol-41/chigunwe.html
- Conway, P. F. (2023). “Education changes a person”: Exploring student development in a college-in-prison program through critical andragogy. Teaching in Higher Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2023.2172568
- Cormac, B. (2021). Education in prison: A literature review. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] Institute for Lifelong Learning. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378059
- Costelloe, A. (2014). Learning for liberation, teaching for transformation: Can education in prison prepare prisoners for active citizenship? Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies, 14(1), 1393–7022. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijass/vol14/iss1/4/
- Davis, L. M. (2019). Higher education programs in prison: What we know now and what we should focus on going forward. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE342.html
- Decuypere, M., Grimaldi, E., & Landri, P. (2021). Introduction: Critical studies of digital education platforms. Critical Studies in Education, 62(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2020.1866050
- Department of Correctional Services. (2023). Annual report for the 2022/2023 financial year [PDF]. Department of Correctional Services, Republic of South Africa. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202310/dcsannual-report.pdf
- Emejulu, A., & McGregor, C. (2019). Towards a radical digital citizenship in digital education. Critical Studies in Education, 60(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1234494
- Evans, D. (2018). The elevating connection of higher education in prison: An incarcerated student’s perspective. Critical Education, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.14288/ce.v9i11.186318
- Fair, H., & Walmsley, R. (2022). World Female Imprisonment List (5th ed.). Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research (ICPR). https://www.prisonstudies.org/resources/world-female-imprisonment-list-5th-edition
- Farley, H., Pike, A., Demiray, U., & Tanglang, N. (2016). Delivering digital higher education into prisons: The cases of four universities in Australia, UK, Turkey, and Nigeria. GLOKALde, 2(2), 147–166. http://oro.open.ac.uk/48391/
- Farley, H., & Willems, J. (2017). Digital equity: Diversity, inclusion, and access for incarcerated students in a digital age [PDF]. In H. Partridge, K. Davis, & J. Thomas. (Eds.), Me, Us, IT! Proceedings ASCILITE2017: 34th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education (pp. 68–72). http://2017conference.ascilite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Concise-FARLEY.pdf
- Ginsburg, R. (2019). Critical perspectives on teaching in prison: Students and instructors on pedagogy behind the wall. Routledge.
- Hawes, D. P. (2017, December). Social capital, racial context, and incarcerations in the American states. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 17(4), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440017720776
- Hjalmarsson, R., Holmlund, H., & Lindquist, M. J. (2015, September 1). The effect of education on criminal convictions and incarceration: Causal evidence from micro‐data. The Economic Journal, 125(587), 1290–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12204
- Iñiguez-Berrozpe, T., Elboj-Saso, C., Flecha, A., & Marcaletti, F. (2020). Benefits of adult education participation for low-educated women. Adult Education Quarterly, 70(1), 64–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713619870793
- Jenkins, K., Narayanaswamy, L., & Sweetman, C. (2019). Introduction: Feminist values in research. Gender & Development, 27(3), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2019.1682311
- Johnson, L. R. (2021). Online teaching and learning in correctional facilities: Opportunities and tensions. Progressio, 42, 21. https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-5895/10556
- Korzh, A. (2021). Education behind bars and beyond prison: Incarcerated women’s education aspirations and barriers in Ukraine. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 53(4), 636–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2021.1941775
- Lafferty, L., Chambers, G. M., Guthrie, J., & Butler, T. (2015). Indicators of social capital in prison: A systematic review. Health Justice 3(7), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-015-0020-8
- Lockwood, K. (2017). Listening to mum: Narratives of mothers in prison. In J. Woodiwiss, K. Smith, & K. Lockwood (Eds.), Feminist Narrative Research (pp. 123–149). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48568-7_6
- McCorkel, J., & DeFina, R. (2019). Beyond recidivism: The value of higher education in prison. Critical Education, 10(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.14288/ce.v10i7.186316
- Mdakane, M., Ngubane, S. A., & Dhlamini, Z. S. (2021). Incarcerated students’ experiences of UNISA’s open distance e-learning at one medium correctional centre. South African Journal of Higher Education, 36(3), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.20853/36-3-4548
- Modé, G. & Hirano, T. L. (2014). Voices from inside – The story of an experience about the human right to education [PDF]. In T. Czerwinski, E. König, & T. Zaichenko (Eds.), Youth and Adult Education in Prisons: Experiences from Central Asia, South America, North Africa and Europe (pp. 113–122). International Perspectives in Adult Education. https://www.dvv-international.de/fileadmin/files/ipe_69_eng_web.pdf
- Moore, C. A. (2016). Learning behind bars: The experiences of undergraduate students in a South African prison [Masters Dissertation, Department Of Education, University of South Africa]. https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/20114
- Mpungose, C. B. (2020). Emergent transition from face-to-face to online learning in a South African university in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00603-x
- Nowotny, K. M., Masters, R. K., & Boardman, J. D. (2016). The relationship between education and health among incarcerated men and women in the United States. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 916. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3555-2
- Olawale, B. E., Mutongoza, B. H., Adu, E. O., & Omodan, B. I. (2021, November 19). COVID-19 induced psychosocial challenges in South African higher education: Experiences of staff and students at two rural universities. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 6(3), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2021.37
- Ostini, J., & Farley, H. S. (2022). Beyond idealism to the realities of incarcerated higher education: What we know about the provision of higher education in prisons. In Histories and philosophies of carceral education: Aims, contradictions, promises and problems (pp. 11–30). Springer International Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86830-7_2
- Parry, B. (2020a). Feminist research principles and practices [PDF]. In S. Kramer, S. Laher, A. Fynn, & H. H. Janse van Vuuren (Eds.), Online Readings in Research Methods (pp. 1–28). Psychological Society of South Africa. https://www.psyssa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Chapter-5_Feminist-research-principles-and-practices.pdf
- Parry, B. R. (2020b). Pathways and penalties: exploring experiences of agency among incarcerated women in South Africa. Feminism & Psychology, 31(2), 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353520945857
- Parry, B. R. (2022). “A path of narrowing options”: Contextualizing the polyvictimization narratives of women incarcerated in a South African correctional centre. Critical Criminology, 30(2), 777–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-022-09657-6
- Payne, Y. A., & Bryant, A. (2018). Street participatory action research in prison: A methodology to challenge privilege and power in correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 98(4), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032885518776378
- Pemberton, S. X. (2021). Prison. In L. Disch, & M. Hawkesworth (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.37
- Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
- Quan-Baffour, K. P., & Zawada, B. E. (2012). Education programmes for prison inmates: Reward for offences or hope for a better life? Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 3(2), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09766634.2012.11885567
- Raghavan, S., Sulaiman, T. F. T., Khan, B. N. A., & Ramly, J. (2019, April 10–11). Shaping futures of prison inmates and former prisoners via higher education: A conceptual study on social return on investment assessment for stakeholders. International Conference on Education proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (pp. 450–457). http://library.oum.edu.my/repository/id/eprint/1191
- Reese, R. (2019). The Prison Education Project. International Review of Education, 65, 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-017-9695-5
- Rossiter, C., Power, T., Fowler, C., Elliott, K., & Dawson, A. (2020). Reflexivity in correctional research: Researcher perspectives on parenthood in a study with incarcerated parents. Qualitative Social Work, 19(1), 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325018791351
- Ryder, J. (2020). Enhancing female prisoners’ access to education. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 9(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i1.1468
- Sokoloff, N. J., & Schenck-Fontaine, A. (2017). College programs in prison and upon re-entry for men and women: A literature review. Contemporary Justice Review, 20(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2016.1262772
- South African Government [PDF]. (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/images/a108-96.pdf
- Tietjen, G. E., Garneau, C. R. H., Horowitz, V., & Noel, H. (2018). Showing up: The gendered effects of social engagement on educational participation in U.S. correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 98(3), 359–381. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032885518764921
- UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. (2021). Education in prison: A literature review. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://uil.unesco.org/literacy/vulnerable-groups/education-prison-literature-review
- Vandala, N. G., & Bendall, M. (2019). The transformative effect of correctional education: A global perspective. Cogent Social Sciences, 5, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1677122
- World Prison Brief. (2022). World Prison Brief data. https://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data
- Yenjela, W. (2015). Young women's pathways to prison: A critique of selected Kenyan prison documentaries. Agenda, 29(4), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1096089
- Yingling, J. (2016, April). Gendered pathways to crime. In B. M. Huebner, & T. S. Bynum (Eds.), The handbook of measurement issues in criminology and criminal justice (1st ed., pp. 181–199). John Wiley Press.