Vol. 40 No. 2 (2025)
Special Issue

The Road Less Travelled: Alternative Pathways for Teacher Candidates

Dr. Rob Power
Cape Breton University
Bio
Dr. Belinda Gimbert
The Ohio State University
Bio
Dr. Dean Cristol
The Ohio State University
Bio
Dr. Helga Hambrock
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
Bio

Published 2025-12-22

How to Cite

Power, R., Gimbert, B., Cristol, D., & Hambrock, H. (2025). The Road Less Travelled: Alternative Pathways for Teacher Candidates. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education Revue Internationale Du E-Learning Et La Formation à Distance, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.55667/10.55667/ijede.2025.v40.i2.1384

Abstract

Teacher preparation in Canada and the United States has traditionally relied on residency-based degree programs which often exclude candidates who are unable to leave their communities or jobs for multiyear, on-campus training. This research examined the effectiveness of alternative online teacher preparation models. Ohio’s Intensive Pedagogical Training Institute (IPTI) and Alternative Resident Educator Institute (AREI), both launched in 2010, along with Cape Breton University's accelerated online Bachelor of Education program, launched in 2024, expanded access for underserved candidates. Quality assurance metrics indicated that the online format and accelerated pace of CBU’s program did not negatively impact the academic or professional success of its graduates compared to those from traditional programs. The findings underscore that online pathways are equally effective and promote greater equity and access in the teaching profession.

Keywords: alternative pathways, instructional design, online learning, teacher certification, teacher training barriers

Une voie moins fréquentée : parcours alternatifs vers la profession enseignante

Résumé : La formation des enseignants au Canada et aux États-Unis repose traditionnellement sur des programmes diplômants en présentiel, de type résidentiel, qui excluent souvent les candidats dans l’impossibilité de quitter leur communauté ou leur emploi pour suivre une formation universitaire sur campus sur plusieurs années. Cette recherche examine l’efficacité d’un modèle alternatif de formation des enseignants entièrement en ligne. Le programme accéléré de baccalauréat en éducation en ligne de la Cape Breton University, lancé en 2024, a permis d’élargir l’accès à la formation pour des candidats issus de publics sous-desservis. Les indicateurs d’assurance qualité montrent que le format en ligne et le rythme accéléré du programme de la Cape Breton University n’ont pas eu d’incidence négative sur la réussite académique ou professionnelle de ses diplômés, comparativement à ceux issus de programmes traditionnels. Les résultats soulignent que les parcours de formation en ligne sont tout aussi efficaces et contribuent à promouvoir une plus grande équité et un meilleur accès à la profession enseignante.

Mots-clés : parcours alternatifs ; ingénierie pédagogique ; apprentissage en ligne ; certification des enseignants ; obstacles à la formation des enseignants.

References

  1. Aloka, P., Ooko, M., Ooko, P. A., & Onyango, P. (2023). Self-regulated learning and student success, retention, and engagement in online courses. In J. Keengwe (Ed.), Handbook of research on innovative frameworks and inclusive models for online learning (pp. 238–255). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9072-3.ch012
  2. Atha, M., Fowler, M. R., Finnegan, L. A., Meredith, T., & Vaughan, M. (2024). Levels of engagement: Developing pre-service teachers as researchers engaging education students in action research: Commentary. Florida Journal of Educational Research, 61(3), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.62798/AYTS4338
  3. Ayres, T. (2024, December 13). CBU cancels online bachelor of education program at last minute, catching students off guard. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/cbu-cancels-online-bachelor-of-education-program-at-last-minute-catching-students-off-guard-1.7409155
  4. Barbour, M. (2024, February 24). 2023 State of the nation: K-12 e-Learning in Canada. https://k12sotn.ca/blog/2023-state-of-the-nation-k-12-e-learning-in-canada/
  5. Becker, S., Gereluk, D., Dressler, R., & Eaton, S. E. (2015, August). Online Bachelor of Education programs offered in colleges and universities throughout Canada, the United States, and Australia. University of Calgary. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50986
  6. Bennet, P. W. (2023, December 6). Education fallout: Where did Canadian school systems fall short in responding to the pandemic? EduChatter. https://educhatter.wordpress.com/2023/12/06/education-fallout-where-did-canadian-school-systems-fall-short-in-responding-to-the-pandemic/
  7. Benton-Borghi, B. (2006). Teaching every student in the 21st century: Teacher efficacy and technology [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=osu1155246234&disposition=inline
  8. Cape Breton University. (2022). Cape Breton University quality assurance framework. https://www.cbu.ca/wp-content/uploads/QA-Framewok-2025.pdf
  9. Cape Breton University. (2023a, November 30). Province of Nova Scotia announces new programs to educate more teachers at Cape Breton University. https://www.cbu.ca/newsroom/releases/province-of-nova-scotia-announces-new-programs-to-educate-more-teachers-at-cape-breton-university/
  10. Cape Breton University. (2023b). Research ethics protocol submissions. https://www.cbu.ca/research/research-ethics-animal-care/research-ethics-protocol-submissions/
  11. Cape Breton University. (2024, December 20). Cape Breton University announces revived January start for online Bachelor of Education Program. https://www.cbu.ca/newsroom/releases/cape-breton-university-announces-revived-january-start-for-online-bachelor-of-education-program/
  12. Cape Breton University. (2025, January 9). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_University
  13. CBC News. (2024, March 11). N.S. assessing proposals for fast-tracked teaching degrees from 4 universities. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/education-teaching-university-brian-wong-becky-druhan-1.7140221
  14. Clark, R. E. (1994a). Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299088
  15. Clark, R. E. (1994b). Media and method. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(3), 7–10.
  16. Crawley, K. (2019, August 28). Making the most of external reviews: Part 3. Inside Higher Education. https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2019/08/29/ensuring-external-review-your-area-has-positive-impact-opinion
  17. Derrick, B., & White, P. (2016). Why Welch's test is Type I error robust. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 12(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.12.1.p030
  18. De Villiers, F., & Hambrock, H. (2023). Proposing a Seamless Learning Experience Design (SLED) framework based on international perspectives of educators from five higher education institutions. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning (EJEL), 21(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.21.1.2497
  19. Fittes, E. K. (2024, October 24). Student engagement in learning is low. A survey offers clues on how to bring them back. EdWeek. https://marketbrief.edweek.org/meeting-district-needs/student-engagement-in-learning-is-low-a-survey-offers-clues-on-how-to-bring-them-back/2024/10
  20. Government of Canada. (2023). Chapter 5: Privacy and confidentiality. In Tri-Council policy statement: ethical conduct for research involving humans – TCPS (2022). Panel on Research Ethics. https://ethics.gc.ca/eng/tcps2-eptc2_2022_chapter5-chapitre5.html#d
  21. Government of Canada. (2025). Universal Design for Learning (UDL). https://a11y.canada.ca/en/universal-design-for-learning-udl/
  22. Graham, L., White, S., Cologan, K., & Pianta, R. (2020). Do teachers’ years of experience make a difference in the quality of teaching? Teaching and Teacher Education, 96(2020), 103190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103190
  23. Hambrock, H., de Villiers, F., Rusman, E., MacCallum, K., & Arrifin, S. A. (2020). Seamless learning in higher education: Perspectives of international educators on its curriculum and implementation potential, R. Power (Ed.) [eBook]. International Association for Mobile Learning. ISBN: 978-1-7751408-1-8. https://seamlesslearning.pressbooks.com/
  24. Hambrock, H., de Villiers, F., Power, R., Koole, M., Ahmed, M., Ellis, W., Abd Karim, R., Kurubacak, G., El-Hussein, M., Ossiannilsson, E., Sharma, R., José Sousa, M., & Wollin, U. (2022). Seamless learning in higher education 2: Comparisons from international educators of changes during a global pandemic, H. Hambrock, F. de Villiers, R. Power, & M. Koole (Eds.). International Association for Mobile Learning and Power Learning Solutions. ISBN 978-1-9993825-6-8. https://pressbooks.pub/seamlesslearning2/
  25. Hrynowski, Z. (2024, August 21). K-12 schools struggle to engage Gen Z students. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/648896/schools-struggle-engage-gen-students.aspx
  26. Israel, M., Ribuffo, C., & Smith, S. (2014, July). Universal Design for Learning: Recommendations for teacher preparation and professional development (Document No. IC-7). University of Florida, Collaboration for Effective Educator, Development, Accountability, and Reform Center. https://ceedar.education.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IC-7_FINAL_08-27-14.pdf
  27. Kellam, H., Jennings, L., Magruder, K., Smallwoord, A., Purgason, A., & Richter, L. (2025). An analysis of the online readiness and student success assessment. American Journal of Distance Education, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2025.2555643
  28. Knapp, L., Glennie, E., & Charles, K. (2016, September). Leveraging data for student success: Improving education through data-driven decisions. RTI International. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.bk.0018.1609
  29. Koehler, J. (2023, December 8). Intrinsic motivation in online learning. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/beyond-school-walls/202312/intrinsic-motivation-in-online-learning
  30. Kotsopoulos, D. (2024, August 7). External review of accelerated 8-Month Bachelor of Education [Report]. School of Education and Health, Cape Breton University.
  31. Kozma, R. (1994a). Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(2), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299087
  32. Kozma, R. (1994b). A reply: media and methods. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(3), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298091
  33. Manni, B. (2025, February 17). Revisiting the K-12 student engagement cliff. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/brunomanno/2025/02/17/revisiting-the-student-engagement-cliff/
  34. Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission. (n.d.). Province-specific services: Nova Scotia. https://www.mphec.ca/provinceservices/novascotia.aspx
  35. Microsoft. (2025a). Microsoft Excel. https://www.microsoft.com/en-ca/microsoft-365/excel
  36. Microsoft. (2025b). Microsoft Forms. https://www.microsoft.com/en-ca/microsoft-365/online-surveys-polls-quizzes
  37. Ohio State Board of Education. (n.d.). Education licensure. https://sboe.ohio.gov/educator-licensure
  38. The Ohio State University. (n.d.). The Ohio State University Center on Education and Training for Employment. https://ipti.osu.edu/
  39. The Ohio State University. (2007, August 6). $6.8 million project to help ensure high-quality alternate teacher licensure in 4 states. Ohio State News. https://news.osu.edu/68-million-project-to-help-ensure-high-quality-alternate-teacher-licensure-in-4-states/
  40. Pottie, R. (2023, December 1). Nova Scotia to offer new fast-tracked teacher training from Cape Breton University. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-to-offer-new-fast-tracked-teacher-training-from-cape-breton-university-1.7046820
  41. Power, R. (2015). A framework for promoting teacher self-efficacy with mobile reusable learning objects [Doctoral dissertation, Athabasca University]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1160.4889
  42. Power, R. (2024). Evaluating graduate education students’ self-efficacy with the use of artificial intelligence agents. Journal of Educational Informatics, 5(1), 3–19. https://journalofeducationalinformatics.ca/index.php/JEI/article/view/269
  43. Power, R., Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2014). Exploring tools to promote teacher efficacy with mLearning. In M. Kalz, Y. Bayyurt, & M. Specht (Eds.), Mobile as a mainstream – Towards future challenges in mobile learning: Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 479, pp. 61–68. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13416-1_7
  44. Power, R., Cristol, D., Gimbert, B., Bartoletti, R, & Kilgore, W. (2016). Using the mTSES to evaluate and optimize mLearning professional development. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i4.2459
  45. Power, R., & Kay, R. (2023). Higher education faculty supports for the transition to online teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Educational Informatics, 4(1), 49–72. https://doi.org/10.51357/jei.v4i1.191
  46. Power, R., Kay, R., & Craig, C. (2023). The Effects of COVID-19 on higher-education teaching practices. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education, 38(2). https://doi.org/10.55667/10.55667/ijede.2023.v38.i2.1255
  47. Province of Nova Scotia. (n.d.). Office of Teacher Certification. https://certification.ednet.ns.ca/
  48. Thomson, A. (2023, August 22). After years of sinking enrolment, N.S. suddenly faces a new problem: Too many students. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-population-growth-education-1.6936654
  49. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001a). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
  50. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001b). Teacher’s sense of efficacy scale. https://anitawoolfolkhoy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/TSES-Forms-2024.pdf
  51. Wagiran, W., Suharjana, S., Nurtanto, M., & Mutohhari, F. (2022). Determining the e-learning readiness of higher education students: A study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 8(10), e11160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11160
  52. Welch, B. (1951). On the comparison of several mean values: An alternative approach. Biometrika, 38(3.4), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332579